论文概要
2000年12月，世界各国的60余名“慰安妇”受害者云集东京，举行了审判日本政府实施性奴隶制度的民间法庭活动。2001年12月，该终审在海牙举行。法庭认定：“根据海牙条约并依据纽伦堡法庭审判的原则认定，昭和天皇并无豁免权；在日本军队推行“慰安妇”制度的漫长过程中，昭和天皇也没有制止。因此，昭和天皇裕仁犯有反人道主义罪。军队是国家的机关之一，日军推行慰安妇制度，强迫各国妇女充当日军的性奴隶，凌辱、残害日军占领区的妇女，违反了当时的国际法，已构成战争犯罪。”
自1995年始，中国山西“慰安妇”幸存者向东京法院进行起诉之后，已有山西“慰安妇”（第二批、第三批）、海南“慰安妇”和台湾“慰安妇”先后向日本起诉。要求日本政府对她们的伤害予以赔偿。但是，这些民间赔偿案件，大多以原告的败诉而告终，日本法庭推脱之理由主要有：时效问题、“除斥问题”、个人不是国际法的主体和“国家无答责”。
幸存的“慰安妇”们生存状态极为恶劣，屈辱、贫病、衰老，以及没有后代的照顾，使她们几乎丧失了生活的勇气。上海师范大学中国慰安妇研究中心在世界史维会的慷慨支持下，4年来持续向受害者进行生活费援助，尽管每月100元人民币的援助金十分有限，但毕竟体现了同胞的温暖与关爱。
近年来，日本法庭的赔偿判决中对时效、“国家无答责”等已有所突破，我们欢迎这样的进步，并要求日本的法院正视人权与正义，正视日本政府的战争责任，尽快作出公正的、负责任的判决。正如《海牙日本性奴隶制度国际民间法庭判决书》所指出的：“承认战争罪行，建立一个充分而公开的历史记录，以保证在下一代中不再发生这种罪行是日本政府的一种义务。日本政府在教育日本人民和下一代的努力方面所做的是非常不够的。日本政府有责任采取强有力的措施，与幸存者协商，恢复受害者们的尊严。日本政府更需要为‘任何经济性可估价的损失’进行赔偿。在国际法中，赔偿必须由政府支付，必须对物质损失，失去的机会和受害者、及其家庭和亲戚在感情上所受的伤害赔偿；赔偿必须是充分的。”
调查仍是当务之急。2003年11月，中国慰安妇研究中心邀请朝鲜“慰安妇”幸存者朴永心（1944年在云南被捕的“怀孕的慰安妇”），组织了中、朝、日三国联合调查，确认南京利济巷2号为当年朴永心受难之地，这是战后60年来为数极少的跨国调查的成功案例，南京政府已承诺留存该建筑。我以为，要设立中国“慰安妇”纪念馆，南京利济巷和上海“大一沙龙”（东宝兴路125弄）是最佳的场所。
The Latest News on the Comfort Women Issues
Professor, Shanghai Teachers’ University Su Zhiliang
Abstract
In December 2000, more than 60 “comfort women” survivors from around the world gathered in Tokyo for a people’s court trial of the Japanese government for implementing a policy of sex slaves. The trial ended in Hague in December 2001. The court recognized: “Based on Hague Treaty and Nuremburg Trial principles, Emperor Hirohito did not have the power to grant immunity; and during the long period of time while the Japanese military implemented the “comfort women” system, Emperor Hirohito never stopped it. Therefore, Emperor Hirohito committed the crime against humanity. Army is an instrument of the government - the Japanese Army used the comfort women system which forced women from various countries to be its sex slaves. This caused humiliation and cruelty to women in the occupied territories and violated international laws of the time and hence, the government committed war crimes.”
Ever since the Chinese comfort women survivors from Shanxi filed a lawsuit in Tokyo court in 1995, other survivors from Shanxi (the second and third group), Hainan, and Taiwan have also taken legal actions in Japan, demanding reparations from the Japanese government for the injuries they suffered. But, these grassroots reparations suits mostly ended in the plaintiffs losing. The excuses of the Japanese courts were statue of limitation, “problem of exclusion”, individual not being an entity under international laws and “a nation does not answer for crime.”
The living conditions of the “comfort women” survivors are extremely wretched; disgrace, poor health, old age, and lack of cares from younger generation nearly made them lose the will to live. The Chinese Comfort Women Research Center in Shanghai Teachers’ University, with the generous support from the Global Alliance for Preserving the History of WWII in Asia, has been able to continuously subsidize the survivors for the last four years. Though the monthly support of 100 RMB is meager, but it does show the kindness and compassion from their countrymen.
In recent years, there were breakthroughs on issues such as statue of limitation, “a nation does not answer for crime”, etc, in Japanese court decisions. We welcome these progresses and would like to ask that the Japanese courts acknowledge human rights and justice, the war responsibility of the Japanese government, and promptly make just and responsible rulings. As indicated in “the rulings by the Hague International Peoples Courts on the Japanese sex slaves system): “admitting war crimes, establishing a sufficient and open historical record in order that this type of crimes will never be repeated in next generation is the duty of the Japanese government. The Japanese government has not exerted enough effort in educating its people and its next generation. Japanese government has the responsibility to take a strong position to negotiate with the survivors, and restore their dignities. Moreover, Japanese government needs to compensate “all assessable economic losses.” In international laws, compenations must be paid by the government and must pay reparations for material losses, lost opportunities, and the mental anguish sustained by the victims, their families and relatives; and the reparations must be in full.”
Conducting investigation is urgently needed. In November 2003, The Chinese Comfort Women Research Center invited a Korean “comfort women” survivor, who was rescued in Yunnan in 1944 and dubbed the “pregnant comfort woman,” to form a three-nation (China, Korea and Japan) joint investigation group. The investigation identified a certain address in Nanjing as the place where the Korean survivor suffered her nightmarish past. This is one of the very few successful cases of multi-national investigation in the sixty years after WWII; and the city government of Nanjing has promised to preserve the building identified here. My personal opinion is that the building in Nanjing or another one in Shanghai would be the best location for a Chinese “Comfort Women” Memorial.